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I Got a Job on EmploymentCrossing...

www.employmentcrossing.com is a great tool to help someone find a job quickly. There are many features you find on the site that are available to you for free. First off, you can upload your resume to their database for thousands of employers to view. They have a great search system that really helps you find only the jobs that you are looking for. The best part of the search, in my opinion, is that you can choose the time frame that the jobs were posted. So if you are looking for freshly posted opportunities, you can set the search to be for the last week instead of the last month. Even in the case you are having no luck, they offer free advice on how to improve your resume and they will create one for you. All in all this is a great tool to help find employment fast.

The www.employmentcrossing.com is a fantastic online service for those who look for career building. The website offers great opportunities to people of different expertise and experience to get the job of their requirements linked to their areas of education and expertise. The chances are high as it has categorized all the departments of job hunt with extensive search and high quality follow up. Recruitment is a great benefit for all the organizations and The www.employmentcrossing.com provides this chance as well. The young generations are now hard work for aiming the jobs and they get good platform and they can really achieve their goal. The will give turning point in my life. When i am searching jobs in so many sites and I hear about this site and i am full pledged in this site and this site will acts as a guide to me. Under this guidance of www.employmentcrossing.com and I Got a Job on EmploymentCrossing. I am never forgot this site in my lifetime... Great site...

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Job Search Engines on the Internet can greatly reduce the amount of work required to secure a new job. They can allow a job seeker to maximize his or her time by applying to more jobs and companies per day and gaining access to a higher number of total opportunities. Today in the competition world there are lot of persons are waiting for jobs. In the sales jobs field it is common here also. In that field there are some jobs available will publish in job sites? But in our website something different from other and peculiar one and it has database about that sales jobs will never seen other site from less salary to high level salary. Flawless execution is the most effective quality for any sales team. When you consistently execute your overall sales process that marries marketing and selling skills together, you will always increase sales except for those unique events that are outside of your control such as 9/11 or the international financial meltdown in the fall of 2008.

What a comprehensive resource and solid information. This must have taken quite awhile to put together. You will be saving a lot of people a lot of time when they begin to look for business opportunities. Our goal is to ensure that every work at entry level sales job gets posted on Selling Crossing as soon as it is announced. This innovative policy creates rare opportunities for work at home job seekers to capture full glimpses of what job openings are available in their industry.

It is usually best to avoid national positions. This isn't saying that you can't work for a sales company that operates on national basis, but make sure there is a store or office located nearby. The best types of sales jobs ,internet sales jobs, executive jobs, director jobs are those where you work in a traditional office or store setting. You aren't just a contract worker who doesn't receive benefits, but you are an actual employee. When I am unemployed and I am so frustrated and with my friends guidance and i know about this site and it will make a turning point for my life. Now I am leading my life with a good job due to the help of this site. I never forgot this site in my lifetime...

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The www.ExecCrossing.com is good job seeking site. Among all of the job site and this site must unique and there is no ads are interrupting and we can find job freely and we can got lot of ideas about the nature of jobs. When i am unemployed and i am so frustrated and with my friends guidance and i know about this site and it will make a turning point for my life. Now i am leading my life with a good job due to the help of this site. I never forgot this site in my lifetime...The jobs seek in the following fields are...

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The www.ExecCrossing.com is good job seeking site. Among all of the job site and this site must unique and there is no ads are interrupting and we can find job freely and we can got lot of ideas about the nature of jobs. When i am unemployed and i am so frustrated and with my friends guidance and i know about this site and it will make a turning point for my life. Now i am leading my life with a good job due to the help of this site. I never forgot this site in my lifetime...The jobs seek in the following fields are...

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The "business case for diversity", theorizes that in a global marketplace, a company that employs a diverse workforce (both men and women, people of many generations, people from ethnically and racially diverse backgrounds etc.) is better able to understand the demographics of the marketplace it serves and is thus better equipped to thrive in that marketplace than a company that has a more limited range of employee demographics.An additional corollary suggests that a company that supports the diversity of its workforce can also improve employee satisfaction, productivity and retention. This portion of the business case, often referred to as inclusion, relates to how an organization utilizes its various relevant diversities. If a workforce is diverse, but the employer takes little or no advantage of that breadth of that experience, then it cannot monetize whatever benefits background diversity might offer.In most cases, US employers are prohibited by federal and state laws from giving race or ethnicity any consideration in hiring or assigning employees. However, the US Supreme Court has upheld the use of limited preferences based on race, ethnicity, and sex, when there is a “manifest imbalance” in a “traditionally segregated job category.”

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Aerospace comprises the atmosphere of Earth and surrounding space. Typically the term is used to refer to the industry that researches, designs, manufactures, operates, and maintains vehicles moving through air and space. Aerospace is a very diverse field, with a multitude of commercial, industrial and military applications. Aerospace is not the same as airspace, which is a term used to describe the physical air space directly above a location on the ground.In most industrial countries, the aerospace industry is a cooperation of public and private industries. For example, several countries have a space program under the command of the government, such as NASA in the United States, ESA in Europe, the Canadian Space Agency in Canada, Indian Space Research Organisation in India, RKA in Russia, China National Space Administration in China, and Iranian Space Agency in Iran.

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ComplianceCrossing's aim is to list every existing compliance job opening. Because we do not charge employers to post their jobs with us, they have no reason not to list their jobs on our site when they have openings. In addition, we always display job listings that come directly from employers before job listings that have been submitted by recruiters. Nearly 80% of the job listings on ComplianceCrossing come directly from employers. Compliance (or adherence) is a medical term that means the degree to which a patient correctly follows medical advice. Most commonly, it refers to medication, or drug compliance, but may also mean use of medical appliances such as compression stockings, chronic wound care, self-directed physiotherapy exercises, or attending counseling or other courses of therapy. The most effective way for a physician to improve patient compliance is through a positive physician-patient relationship.We have more than 300 employees working thousands of hours per week to continuously monitor the hiring needs of more than 250,000 employers. We search every employer website, newspaper, and job board for listings so that you don't have to. We offer more job listings than other job boards that charge employers $450 (or more) to advertise their openings, and we inform you of new job listings 24 hours per day! Our advanced search features allow you to focus your job hunt, saving you time and helping you find the right job. Our industry news, articles, career tips, and weekly newsletter keep you up to date on the compliance industry at all times.
Above all else, ComplianceCrossing is a trusted name in the employment industry.

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Advertising is a form of communication used to help sell products and services. Typically it communicates a message including the name of the product or service and how that product or service could potentially benefit the consumer. However, Advertising does typically attempt to persuade potential customers to purchase or to consume more of a particular brand of product or service. Modern advertising developed with the rise of mass production in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Many advertisements are designed to generate increased consumption of those products and services through the creation and reinvention of the "brand image". For these purposes, advertisements sometimes embed their persuasive message with factual information. There are many media used to deliver these messages, including traditional media such as television, radio, cinema, magazines, newspapers, video games, the carrier bags, billboards, mail or post and Internet. Today, new media such as digital signage is growing as a major new mass media. Advertising is often placed by an advertising agency on behalf of a company or other organization.

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A blue-collar worker is a member of the working class who typically performs manual labor and earns an hourly wage. Blue-collar workers are distinguished from those in the service sector and from white-collar workers, whose jobs are not considered manual labor. Blue-collar work may be skilled or unskilled, and may involve manufacturing, mining, building and constructiontrades, mechanical work, maintenance, repair and operations maintenance or technical installations. The white-collar worker, by contrast, performs non-manual labor often in an office; and the service industry worker performs labor involving customer interaction, entertainment, retail and outside sales, and the like.The term blue-collar is derived from 19th century uniform dress codes of industrial workplaces. Industrial and manual workers wear durable clothing that can be dirty, soiled, or scrapped at work. A popular element of such clothes has been, and still is, a light or navy blue work shirt. Blue is also a popular color for coveralls, and will frequently include a name tag of the company/establishment on one side, and the individual's name on the other. Often these items are bought by the company and laundered by the establishment as well.

AviationCrossing-Tiny Info...

Aviation refers to activities involving man-made flying devices (aircraft), including the people, organizations, and regulatory bodies involved with them.Many cultures have built devices that travel through the air, from the earliest projectiles such as stones and spears, to more sophisticated buoyant or aerodynamic devices such as the mechanical pigeon of Archytas in Ancient Greece, the boomerang in Australia, the hot air Kongming lantern, and kites. There are early legends of human flight such as the story of Icarus, and later, somewhat more credible claims of short-distance human flights appear, such as the winged flights of Eilmer of Malmesbury (recorded in the 12th century), Abbas Ibn Firnas (recorded in the 17th century), and the hot-air Passarola of Bartolomeu Lourenço de Gusmão.Aircraft began to transport people and cargo as designs grew larger and more reliable. In contrast to small non-rigid blimps, giant rigid airships became the first aircraft to transport passengers and cargo over great distances. The best known aircraft of this type were manufactured by the German Zeppelin company.AviationrCrossing's tools and resources not only make your auditor job search simple and effective but also ensure that you find the right auditor job! At our website you'll find the most comprehensive list of real auditor jobs in the location of your choice. Our advanced search features allow you to focus your auditor job hunt, saving you time in your search for the perfect auditor position.

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MarketingCrossing caters to an enormous number of marketing professionals and offers the largest collection of premier marketing jobs at one place. No business today, when trying to stay ahead of competition, can overlook the importance of marketing. One-third of all Americans hold marketing-related positions. MarketingCrossing caters to this enormous number of marketing professionals. We offer the largest collection of premier marketing jobs at one place. Marketing Jobs is an integrated communications-based process through which individuals and communities discover that existing and newly-identified needs and wants may be satisfied by the products and services of others.

Marketing is defined by the American Marketing Association as the activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large. The term developed from the original meaning which referred literally to going to market, as in shopping, or going to a market to buy or sell goods or services.A firm employing a product orientation is chiefly concerned with the quality of its own product, and not in necessarily ascertaining consumer desires. A firm would also assume that as long as its product was of a high standard, people would buy and consume the product.

However, utilising a product orientation has a prime disadvantage of making a firm lose out to competitors, who may produce technologically superior goods that engender higher consumer demand and thus market share. A product orientation may perhaps work best in a monopolistic market form, due to the inherent high barriers to entry within a monopoly.

The marketing orientation is perhaps the most common orientation used in contemporary marketing. It involves a firm essentially basing its marketing plans around the marketing concept, and thus forging products to suit new consumer tastes.Professionals who join MarketingCrossing are serious about their job searches and know the most about the market. Because MarketingCrossing is so exclusive, the employers whose jobs we locate receive fewer applications. This makes a major difference in the effectiveness of your job search.Posting jobs with us is absolutely free! Employers turn to MarketingCrossing when advertising their job openings because of our professional approach and popularity with talented professionals.

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ExecCrosssing- Get Jobs Here

ExecCrossing is one of EmploymentCrossing's niche job boards. It is the most popular job-search site among serious and dedicated auditor professionals. Its mission is to ensure that serious job seekers get access to every auditor job opening — even the hidden ones! Our website was designed to be simple and effective. In a presidential system the executive is at once the Head of State and the Head of Government. Countries that model their government after the United States of America have a Head of State compared to other systems. The President of the United States is best described as the head of state for his or her role as the government's chief ambassador. However there is no constitutional foundation for any head of government in the United States since the separation of powers divides governmental authority amongst the branches with checks and balances over one another. The President of the United States can have significant power over public opinion through personal abilities of persuasion, however this is the natural effect of the executive office. The President also has authority over the bureaucracy of government agencies under the executive branch.

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Energycrossing your primary career tool! We have every type of auditor job you can think of. We list every existing auditor job—not just the auditor jobs employers are paying $450 (or more) to post somewhere else. Posting auditor jobs with us is absolutely free! Employers with diverse auditor job openings turn to us when they need to advertise their open positions because of our professional approach and popularity among professionals in the industry.In physics, energy is a scalar physical quantity that describes the amount of work that can be performed by a force, an attribute of objects and systems that is subject to a conservation law. Different forms of energy include kinetic, potential, thermal, gravitational, sound, light, elastic, and electromagnetic energy. The forms of energy are often named after a related force. Any form of energy can be transformed into another form, but the total energy always remains the same. This principle, the conservation of energy, was first postulated in the early 19th century, and applies to any isolated system. According to Noether's theorem, the conservation of energy is a consequence of the fact that the laws of physics do not change over time. Although the total energy of a system does not change with time, its value may depend on the frame of reference. For example, a seated passenger in a moving airplane has zero kinetic energy relative to the airplane, but non-zero kinetic energy relative to the Earth.

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AuditorCrossing is one of EmploymentCrossing's niche job boards. It is the most popular job-search site among serious and dedicated auditor professionals. Its mission is to ensure that serious job seekers get access to every auditor job opening — even the hidden ones! Our website was designed to be simple and effective. AuditorCrossing's tools and resources not only make your auditor job search simple and effective but also ensure that you find the right auditor job! At our website you'll find the most comprehensive list of real auditor jobs in the location of your choice. Our advanced search features allow you to focus your auditor job hunt, saving you time in your search for the perfect auditor position.

We also offer valuable auditor industry insights. AuditorCrossing features auditor news briefs, articles, and e-resources that keep its members up to date on the latest happenings in the auditor world. We provide auditor market reports, articles on firing up your auditor career, and profiles of the auditor industry's most prominent professionals. The quintessential industry knowledge we offer gives our members a competitive edge. Make AuditorCrossing your primary career tool! We have every type of auditor job you can think of. We list every existing auditor job—not just the auditor jobs employers are paying $450 (or more) to post somewhere else. Posting auditor jobs with us is absolutely free! Employers with diverse auditor job openings turn to us when they need to advertise their open positions because of our professional approach and popularity among professionals in the industry.


Our database features the world's premier collection of auditor job listings. The vast majority of the auditor jobs in our multimillion-dollar database are real auditor jobs available in the market. By "real" we mean non-recruiter auditor jobs—openings for which candidates can apply without going through middlemen. The others are recruiter auditor jobs that we have also included only after ensuring your access to as many real auditor openings in the industry as possible.

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A call centre or call center is a centralised office used for the purpose of receiving and transmitting a large volume of requests by telephone. A call centre is operated by a company to administer incoming product support or information inquiries from consumers. Outgoing calls for telemarketing, clientele, product services, and debt collection are also made. In addition to a call centre, collective handling of letters, faxes, live chat, and e-mails at one location is known as a contact centre.

A call centre is often operated through an extensive open workspace for call centre agents, with work stations that include a computer for each agent, a telephone set/headset connected to a telecom switch, and one or more supervisor stations. It can be independently operated or networked with additional centres, often linked to a corporate computer network, including mainframes, microcomputers and LANs. Increasingly, the voice and data pathways into the centre are linked through a set of new technologies called computer telephony integration (CTI).

Telemarketing (known as telesales in the UK and Ireland) is a method of direct marketing in which a salesperson solicits to prospective customers to buy products or services, either over the phone or through a subsequent face to face or Web conferencing appointment scheduled during the call.

Telemarketing can also include recorded sales pitches programmed to be played over the phone via automatic dialing. Telemarketing has come under fire in recent years, being viewed as an annoyance by many.

Tom

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The pharmaceutical industry develops, produces, and markets drugs licensed for use as medications. Pharmaceutical companies can deal in generic and/or brand medications. They are subject to a variety of laws and regulations regarding the patenting, testing and marketing of drugs.he earliest drugstores date back to the Middle Ages. The first known drugstore was opened by Arabian pharmacists in Baghdad in 754,and many more soon began operating throughout the medieval Islamic world and eventually medieval Europe. By the 19th century, many of the drug stores in Europe and North America had eventually developed into larger pharmaceutical companies.

Most of today's major pharmaceutical companies were founded in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Key discoveries of the 1920s and 1930s, such as insulin and penicillin, became mass-manufactured and distributed. Switzerland, Germany and Italy had particularly strong industries, with the UK, US, Belgium and the Netherlands following suit.

Legislation was enacted to test and approve drugs and to require appropriate labelling. Prescription and non-prescription drugs became legally distinguished from one another as the pharmaceutical industry matured. The industry got underway in earnest from the 1950s, due to the development of systematic scientific approaches, understanding of human biology (including DNA) and sophisticated manufacturing techniques.

Numerous new drugs were developed during the 1950s and mass-produced and marketed through the 1960s. These included the first oral contraceptive, "The Pill", Cortisone, blood-pressure drugs and other heart medications. MAO Inhibitors, chlorpromazine (Thorazine), Haldol (Haloperidol) and the tranquilizers ushered in the age of psychiatric medication. Valium (diazepam), discovered in 1960, was marketed from 1963 and rapidly became the most prescribed drug in history, prior to controversy over dependency and habituation.

Tom

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We can know many websites for jobs. But this site such different from others. This site must have detailed information about recent jobs will be updated automatically. Retail Loss Prevention departments are becoming increasingly more involved in investigating losses which affect the margin of products and services. Typical areas of investigation include the overriding of PLU prices, price matching from competitors, and reduction of service fees such as delivery or protection agreements. While unintentional margin loss is reduced by educating employees and managers, the term for intentional margin loss is "sweethearting." Sweethearting generally occurs when an employee promises a deal to a customer in order to close a sale, or otherwise reduces the price of merchandise for dishonest reasons. Sweethearting investigations involve research into employees' finding competitor price matches to give to customers; overriding prices for their customers, friends, and themselves; and markdown of fees such as delivery and protection agreements.



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These are in no particular order and it is recommended the job seeker take a look at each every couple of days as updates on new opportunities are posted regularly. These are all free to view the job listings; at least they were at this writing.Today they are considered by many to be the #1 resource for finding part-time jobs in your local area.Jobing.com has been focusing on the local job market since 2000. They are definitely a not-to-be-missed resource for local job hunters. The problem is not many people know about them and they are often overshadowed by the bigger job Boards.There are other sites worth looking at as well. They did not make our top list either because they are too well known or they did not offer anything unique for finding local jobs. These other valuable sites include: Monster.com, CareerBuilder.com, Hotjobs.com, Indeed.com, SimplyHired.com and Flipdog.com.

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Unemployment-Know Here Now...

Unemployment occurs when a person is available to work and seeking work but currently without work.[1] The prevalence of unemployment is usually measured using the unemployment rate, which is defined as the percentage of those in the labor force who are unemployed. The unemployment rate is also used in economic studies and economic indexes such as the United States' Conference Board's Index of Leading Indicators as a measure of the state of the macroeconomics.

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There are a variety of different causes of unemployment, and disagreement on which causes are most important. Different schools of economic thought suggest different policies to address unemployment. Monetarists for example, believe that controlling inflation to facilitate growth and investment is more important, and will lead to increased employment in the long run. Keynesians on the other hand emphasize the smoothing out of business cycles by manipulating aggregate demand. There is also disagreement on how exactly to measure unemployment. Different countries experience different levels of unemployment;as of February 2009 the USA unemployment levels exceed those in the European Union and it also changes over time (e.g. the Great depression) throughout economic cycles.
Unemployment rate as a percentage of the labor force in the United States according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.


According to economist Edmond Malinvaud, the type of unemployment that occurs depends on the situation at the goods market, rather than that they belong to opposing economic theories.[2] If the market for goods is a buyers' market (i.e.: sales are restricted by demand), Keynesian unemployment may ensue while a limiting production capacity is more consistent with classical unemployment.



Frictional unemployment occurs when a worker moves from one job to another. While he searches for a job he is experiencing frictional unemployment. This applies for fresh graduates looking for employment as well. This is a productive part of the economy, increasing both the worker's long term welfare and economic efficiency. It is a result of imperfect information in the labor market, because if job seekers knew that they would be employed for a particular job vacancy, almost no time would be lost in getting a new job, eliminating this form of unemployment.

Seasonal unemployment results from the fluctuations in demands for labor in certain industries because of the seasonal nature of production.In such industries there is a seasonal pattern in the demand for labor. During the period when the industry is at its peak there is a high degree of seasonal employment, but during the off-peak period there is a high seasonal unemployment


Classical or real-wage unemployment occurs when real wages for a job are set above the market-clearing level. This is often ascribed to government intervention, as with the minimum wage, or labour unions. Some, such as Murray Rothbard,[3] suggest that even social taboos can prevent wages from falling to the market clearing level.

Structural unemployment is caused by a mismatch between jobs offered by employers and potential workers. This may pertain to geographical location, skills, and many other factors. If such a mismatch exists, frictional unemployment is likely to be more significant as well.

For example, in the late 1990s there was a tech bubble, creating demand for computer specialists. In 2000-2001 this bubble collapsed. A housing bubble soon formed, creating demand for real estate workers, and many computer workers had to retrain to find employment.

Seasonal unemployment occurs when an occupation is not in demand at certain seasons.

There is considerable debate among economists as to the causes of unemployment. Keynesian economics emphasizes unemployment resulting from insufficient effective demand for goods and services in the economy (cyclical unemployment). Others point to structural problems, inefficiencies, inherent in labour markets (structural unemployment). Classical or neoclassical economics tends to reject these explanations, and focuses more on rigidities imposed on the labor market from the outside, such as minimum wage laws, taxes, and other regulations that may discourage the hiring of workers (classical unemployment). Yet others see unemployment as largely due to voluntary choices by the unemployed (frictional unemployment).

Though there have been several definitions of voluntary and involuntary unemployment in the economics literature, a simple distinction is often applied. Voluntary unemployment is attributed to the individual's decisions, whereas involuntary unemployment exists because of the socio-economic environment (including the market structure, government intervention, and the level of aggregate demand) in which individuals operate. In these terms, much or most of frictional unemployment is voluntary, since it reflects individual search behavior. On the other hand, cyclical unemployment, structural unemployment, and classical unemployment, are largely involuntary in nature. However, the existence of structural unemployment may reflect choices made by the unemployed in the past, while classical unemployment may result from the legislative and economic choices made by labor unions and/or political parties. So in practice, the distinction between voluntary and involuntary unemployment is hard to draw. The clearest cases of involuntary unemployment are those where there are fewer job vacancies than unemployed workers even when wages are allowed to adjust, so that even if all vacancies were to be filled, there would be unemployed workers. This is the case of cyclical unemployment, for which macroeconomic forces lead to microeconomic unemployment. See also: unemployment types

Open unemployment is generally associated with capitalist economies. In this view, unemployment is not an aberration of capitalism, indicating any sort of systemic malfunction. Rather, unemployment is a necessary structural feature of capitalism, intended to discipline the workforce. If unemployment is too low, workers make wage demands that either cuts into profits to an extent that jeopardize future investment, or are passed on to consumers, thus generating inflationary instability. David Schweickart suggests, "Capitalism cannot be a full-employment economy, except in the very short term. For unemployment is the "invisible hand" -- carrying a stick -- that keeps the workforce in line."[4].

Classical economists dispute this, arguing that when there is too high a supply of labour, providing unions and Government have no prevented wage changes, the wage rate should fall, returning the economy to its long run efficient position at full employment.

Libertarian thinkers like F.A. Hayek claimed that unemployment increases the more the government intervenes into the economy to try to improve the rights of those with jobs. For example, he asserted that minimum wages raise the cost of labour to above the market equilibrium, resulting in people who wish to work at the going rate but cannot as the wages are higher than their worth to business; unemployment.[5][6] They believed that laws restricting layoffs made businesses less likely to hire in the first place leaving many young people unemployed and unable to find work.[6]

This school (the Austrian School) argued that the results of both actions lead to less productivity and are claimed to incur a higher cost on society as a whole. The results lead to not just higher unemployment but may increase poverty. The narrative continued by saying that the welfare state then responds with various benefits that are paid for by the middle and upper class which reduces their ability to consume and reduces the incentive to work hard and innovate for all sections of society, as the poor have income without working and the rich see their reward for work reduced.[7] Economists like Ludwig Von Mises, Milton Friedman, Friedrich Von Hayek not only believe that the welfare of society decreases with this kind of intervention[8] but that these economic policies are not sustainable.[citation needed]

One of the explanations behind (structural unemployment) and a warning that this kind of unemployment could be permanent in modern society, came from economist and philosopher André Gorz.The microchip revolution and the explosion in computer science and robotising of work even in less developed industrialized countries is the main reason.

He therefore argues that the idea of `working less so everyone can work and that an basic income for all must be the solution,and he explains: "The connection between more and better has been broken; our needs for many products and services are already more than adequately met, and many of our as-yet- unsatisfied needs will be met not by producing more, but by producing differently, producing other things, or even producing less. This is especially true as regards our needs for air, water, space, silence, beauty, time and human contact...

"From the point where it takes only 1,000 hours per year or 20,000 to 30,000 hours per lifetime to create an amount of wealth equal to or greater than the amount we create at the present time in 1,600 hours per year or 40,000 to 50,000 hours in a working life, we must all be able to obtain a real income equal to or higher than our current salaries in exchange for a greatly reduced quantity of work...

"Neither is it true any longer that the more each individual works, the better off everyone will be. The present crisis has stimulated technological change of an unprecedented scale and speed: `the microchip revolution'. The object and indeed the effect of this revolution has been to make rapidly increasing savings in labour, in the industrial, administrative and service sectors. Increasing production is secured in these sectors by decreasing amounts of labour. As a result, the social process of production no longer needs everyone to work in it on a full-time basis. The work ethic ceases to be viable in such a situation and workbased society is thrown into crisis," André Gorz, Critique of Economic Reason,Gallié, 1989.

Okun's Law

Okun's law states that for every 3% GDP falls relative to potential GDP, unemployment rises 1% (of the total workforce). When the economy operates at productive capacity, it will experience the natural rate of unemployment. [9]Societies try a number of different measures to get as many people as possible into work. However, attempts to reduce the level of unemployment beyond the Natural rate of unemployment generally fail, resulting only in less output and more inflation[citation needed].According to classical economic theory, markets reach equilibrium where supply equals demand; everyone who wants to sell at the market price can. Those who do not want to sell at this price do not; in the labour market this is classical unemployment. Increases in the demand for labour will move the economy along the demand curve, increasing wages and employment. The demand for labour in an economy is derived from the demand for goods and services. As such, if the demand for goods and services in the economy increases, the demand for labour will increase, increasing employment and wages.

Monetary policy and fiscal policy can both be used to increase short-term growth in the economy, increasing the demand for labour and decreasing unemployment.


However, the labour market is not efficient: it doesn't clear. Minimum wages and union activity keep wages from falling, which means too many people want to sell their labour at the going price but cannot. Supply-side policies can solve this by making the labour market more flexible. These include removing the minimum wage and reducing the power of unions. Other supply side policies include education to make workers more attractive to employers.

Supply side reforms also increase long-term growth. This increased supply of goods and services requires more workers, increasing employment. It is argued that supply side policies, which include cutting taxes on businesses and reducing regulation, create jobs and reduce unemployment.Unemployed individuals are unable to earn money to meet financial obligations. Failure to pay mortgage payments or to pay rent may lead to homelessness through foreclosure or eviction. Unemployment increases susceptibility to malnutrition, illness, mental stress, and loss of self-esteem, leading to depression. According to a study published in Social Indicator Research, even those who tend to be optimistic find it difficult to look on the bright side of things when unemployed. Using interviews and data from German participants aged 16 to 94 – including individuals coping with the stresses of real life and not just a volunteering student population – the researchers determined that even optimists struggled with being unemployed.[11]

Dr. M. Brenner conducted a study in 1979 on the "Influence of the Social Environment on Psychology." Brenner found that for every 10% increase in the number of unemployed there is an increase of 1.2% in total mortality, a 1.7% increase in cardiovascular disease, 1.3% more cirrhosis cases, 1.7% more suicides, 0.4% more arrests, and 0.8% more assaults reported to the police.[12] A more recent study by Christopher Ruhm[13] on the effect of recessions on health found that several measures of health actually improve during recessions. As for the impact of an economic downturn on crime, during the Great Depression the crime rate did not decrease. Because unemployment insurance in the U.S. typically does not replace 50% of the income one received on the job (and one cannot receive it forever), the unemployed often end up tapping welfare programs such as Food Stamps or accumulating debt. Higher government transfer payments in the form of welfare and food stamps decrease spending on productive economic goods, decreasing GDP.[citation needed]

Some hold that many of the low-income jobs are not really a better option than unemployment with a welfare state (with its unemployment insurance benefits). But since it is difficult or impossible to get unemployment insurance benefits without having worked in the past, these jobs and unemployment are more complementary than they are substitutes. (These jobs are often held short-term, either by students or by those trying to gain experience; turnover in most low-paying jobs is high) Unemployment insurance keeps an available supply of workers for the low-paying jobs, while the employers' choice of management techniques (low wages and benefits, few chances for advancement) is made with the existence of unemployment insurance in mind. This combination promotes the existence of one kind of unemployment, frictional unemployment.[citation needed]

Another cost for the unemployed is that the combination of unemployment, lack of financial resources, and social responsibilities may push unemployed workers to take jobs that do not fit their skills or allow them to use their talents. Unemployment can cause underemployment.

The fear of job loss can spur psychological anxiety.An economy with high unemployment is not using all of the resources, i.e. labour, available to it. Since it is operating below its production possibility frontier, it could have higher output if all the workforce were usefully employed. However, there is a trade off between economic efficiency and unemployment: if the frictionally unemployed accepted the first job they were offered, they would be likely to be operating at below their skill level, reducing the economy's efficiency.[14]

It is estimated that, during the Great Depression, unemployment due to sticky wages cost the US economy about $4 trillion.[citation needed] This is many times larger than losses due to monopolies, cartels and tariffs.[citation needed]

During a long period of unemployment, workers can lose their skills, causing a loss of human capital. Being unemployed can also reduce the life expectancy of workers by about 7 years [15]

High unemployment can encourage xenophobia and protectionism as workers fear that foreigners are stealing their jobs.[citation needed] Efforts to preserve existing jobs of domestic and native workers include legal barriers against "outsiders" who want jobs, obstacles to immigration, and/or tariffs and similar trade barriers against foreign competitors.

Finally, a rising unemployment rate concentrates the oligopsony power of employers by increasing competition amongst workers for scarce employment opportunities.[citation needed]

Tom

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